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■Blackeye Peas
Blackeye Peas
Effect of BioPak Fertilizer on Yield of 'California' Black-eyed Peas
M.A. Wilson1, C. Stevens2, D. Harp1, and V.A. Khan1
1Department of Agriculture, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701
2George Washington Carver Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuskegee, University, Tuskegee, AL, 36088
Introduction
Beans and peas are members of the Leguminoseae, a family of plants with worldwide distribution. There are nearly 30 legumes species used as vegetables, most of which are important in countries other than the United States. A few grown for tubers or tuberous roots, most are valued for seeds and/or pods. Black-eyed peas are valued for their seeds. Most of the black-eyed peas in the United States are grown and consumed in the southern United States. In the United States, those with commercial significance include garden pea, cowpea, snap-bean, and dry bean, mung bean, lima bean, soybean, and small amount of chickpea, lentil, scarlet runner bean, and fava bean (broad bean).
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of three levels of BioPak fertilizer on the yield of black-eyed peas.
Materials and Methods
All plots were prepared with a mould-board plow and rotavator in early spring and 30 lbs. or triple 12-12-12 fertilizer added prior to planting the peas. Peas were planted on June 5, 2002 with a drip irrigation system. Row spacing was 3 ft wide x seven ft long with seeds approximately 3 in apart within rows. BioPak fertilizer was applied when plants were 3 inches tall and two weeks apart with second and third application. Plots were drip irrigated as needed. Data collected were number of pods per plot and weight of pods per plot. All data was analyzed by Duncan's multiple range test.
Results and Discussion
Black-eyed peas responded similarly at all treatment levels, with no significant differences found in the number and weight of pods per plot (Table 1). There was no response to any nitrogen treatment; the roman farmer recognized that clover would enhance soil productivity, although the basis for this effect, the biochemical reduction of the atmospheric nitrogen to NH4 in the latter root nodules by the symbiotic bacterium Rhizobium, was not understood until the nineteenth century. To some degree, however, this symbiotic relationship limits economic yields of legumes, since energy (carbohydrates) must be diverted from dry matter accumulation to drive the reduction of nitrogen. Our results did not show a response to nitrogen.
Literature Cited
- Perice, Lincoln. Vegetables Characteristics, Production, and Marketing. 1987. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y.
- Steel, D.G.R. and J.R.Torrie. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, N.Y.
Table 1. Number and weight of pods per plot as influenced by BioPak fertilizer. |
|
Treatments |
Number of Pods / Plot |
Weight of Pods / Plot |
Control |
130a |
26a |
8 ozs / ac |
138a |
29a |
16 ozs / ac |
125a |
31a |
24 ozs/ ac |
224a |
43a |
|
Mean separation within columns with the same superscript are not significantly different at the 5% level of probability as determined by Duncan's multiple range test. |
|
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■Cotton
Cotton
BioPak
COTTON RESEARCH PLOT
LONE OAK FARMS-WHARTON COUNTY TEXAS
FIELD: IRRIGATED
PLANTING DATE: APRIL 15, 20002
VARIETY: STONEVILLE 4892 BR
HARVEST DATE: AUGUST 22, 2002
PLOT #1 |
APPLICATION RATE |
DATE APPLIED |
COTTON STAGE |
LINT LBS./ACRE |
|
|
4 oz. Banded |
May 6, 2002 |
4 to 6 true leaf |
1,341 |
|
8 oz. Banded |
May 20, 2002 |
Matchhead Square |
|
|
16 oz. Broadcast |
June 15, 2002 |
1st Bloom |
|
CHECK |
|
1,185 |
PLOT #2 |
APPLICATION RATE |
DATE APPLIED |
COTTON STAGE |
LINT LBS./ACRE |
|
|
8 oz. Banded |
May 6, 2002 |
Matchhead Square |
1, 308 |
|
16 oz. Broadcast |
May 20, 2002 |
1st Bloom |
|
CHECK |
|
1,185 |
PLOT #3 |
APPLICATION RATE |
DATE APPLIED |
COTTON STAGE |
LINT LBS./ACRE |
|
|
16 oz. Broadcast |
June 15, 2002 |
1st Bloom |
1,149 |
CHECK |
|
1,185 |
BioPak appeared to increase yields when used sequentially. The late application at blooming did not increase yield over the check. |
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■1999 Cotton Research
1999 Cotton Research
Research Data Supplied By:
Kesler Farms, Vanduser, Missouri
- Normal farming procedures were used in check areas.
- All plots were irrigated with 38 inch rows.
- Planting rate was 12.5 lbs. per acre.
- Seed treatment with BioPak was used on plots 1 and 2. Rate used was 8oz./50lb. bag of seed. Equal to 2oz. per acre.
- All applications were 12oz banded over the row.
- nly two applications were applied to plot 4.
Plot# |
Variety |
Acres/
BioPak
/Check |
Acres
/Check |
First
appl |
Second
appl |
Third
appl |
Lbs/Acre
/BioPak
/Check |
Lbs
/Acre
/Check |
Yield +/- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
DPL 436/RR |
3.4 |
3.4 |
6/17/99 |
6/29/99 |
7/13/99 |
734 |
719 |
15 |
2 |
DPL 436/RR |
3.6 |
3.6 |
6/16/99 |
6/29/99 |
7/13/99 |
689 |
601 |
88 |
3 |
SG 125/RR/BT |
7.68 |
7.68 |
6/17/99 |
7/01/99 |
7/13/99 |
813 |
788 |
25 |
4 |
SG 125/RR/BT |
6.78 |
6.78 |
6/17/99 |
7/06/99 |
N/A |
887 |
825 |
62 |
|
|
AVG. Yield/Acre |
47.5 |
|
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■Begonias
Research results:
Begonias
BioPak
COTTON RESEARCH PLOT
LONE OAK FARMS-WHARTON COUNTY TEXAS
FIELD: IRRIGATED
PLANTING DATE: APRIL 15, 20002
VARIETY: STONEVILLE 4892 BR
HARVEST DATE: AUGUST 22, 2002
PLOT #1 |
APPLICATION RATE |
DATE APPLIED |
COTTON STAGE |
LINT LBS./ACRE |
|
|
4 oz. Banded |
May 6, 2002 |
4 to 6 true leaf |
1,341 |
|
8 oz. Banded |
May 20, 2002 |
Matchhead Square |
|
|
16 oz. Broadcast |
June 15, 2002 |
1st Bloom |
|
CHECK |
|
1,185 |
PLOT #2 |
APPLICATION RATE |
DATE APPLIED |
COTTON STAGE |
LINT LBS./ACRE |
|
|
8 oz. Banded |
May 6, 2002 |
Matchhead Square |
1, 308 |
|
16 oz. Broadcast |
May 20, 2002 |
1st Bloom |
|
CHECK |
|
1,185 |
PLOT #3 |
APPLICATION RATE |
DATE APPLIED |
COTTON STAGE |
LINT LBS./ACRE |
|
|
16 oz. Broadcast |
June 15, 2002 |
1st Bloom |
1,149 |
CHECK |
|
1,185 |
BioPak appeared to increase yields when used sequentially. The late application at blooming did not increase yield over the check. |
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■Potatoes
|
BioPak
Effect of BioPak
Fertilizer on Yield of Potatoes in Missouri
M.A. Wilson, Derald A. Harp, V.A. Khan,
and C. Stevens Department of Agriculture, Southeast Missouri
State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 George Washington
Carver Experiment Station, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee
Inst. AL 36088 USA
Introduction
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are native to the Americans and
were cultivated from Chile to New Granda before the
discovery of the New World. Potatoes are not roots but
specialized underground storage stems called "tubers".
Potatoes are ranked with wheat and rice as one of the most
important staples in the human diet. BioPak fertilizer
(4-1-3) was applied as a soluble fertilizer at different
rates on "Atlantic Potatoes". The objectives of these
studies were to evaluate the effect of three rates of BioPak
fertilizer and the effect of bare soil polyethylene mulch on
yield of potatoes.
Methods and Materials
This study with potatoes was conducted in the spring of 2001
at Stalling Brothers Farm, Charleston Missouri (Mississippi
County). The soil type was Lilbourn sandy loam (entisol).
Treatments were replicated three times with single row plots
with seed potatoes of the cultivar "Atlantic" spaced 3 ft x
12 ft apart in a split-split plot designed where "Atlantic"
potatoes were the main plot. Sub plots in this study were
rates of fertilizer of 8, 16, and 32 ounces per acre of
Bio-Pak. Sub-sub plots were bare soil and IRT 100
polyethlylene mulch.
All plots were prepared with mould board
plow and a disc harrow. At planting 50 lb of Kmag, 50 lb of
diammonium phosphate and, 420 lb of 5-20-20 was used. On
April 5, 2001, 85 lb of urea as added. Potatoes were planted
with a six-row planter on March 25, 2001. IRT-100
polyethylene mulch was applied to potatoes on April 19,
2001. Holes were punched into the plastic to allow emerging
potatoes to the sun light. On May 5, 2001, 90 lbs of urea
was applied to the soil and 20 lbs of a 32% nitrogen
solution was applied through irrigation water. Potatoes were
sprayed with 3 applications of BioPak fertilizer of 8, 16,
and 32 ounces per acre at 3 different growth stages; 3 to 4
inches high, preflowering, and at flowering. The dates of
foliar treatments were April 26, May 15, and June 5, 2001.
Data collected were: total number of grade A and grade B
tubers, and total grade A weights of tubers. A center pivot
irrigation system was used for irrigation and Carbarly
insecticide and Bravo W-75 Fungicide were used to control
pests as needed.
Results and Discussion
Data showed that potato numbers were highest with the 16 oz
of BioPak per acre with the bare soil treatment. Similar
results showed that the highest yield for grade B potatoes
were at the 16 oz of BioPak per acre again with the bare
soil treatment. Potato yields were consistently higher for
both grade A and grade B with BioPak fertilizer at 16 ounces
per acre. This data showed that bare soil had the highest
number and weights of potatoes at 16 oz of BioPak per acre
for both grade A and grade B potatoes. This years potato
crop yielded a bumper crop due to the ideal temperatures and
environmental conditions that occurred in Southeast
Missouri. Generally, polyethylene mulch tended to produce
higher yields compared to the bare soil treatments.
BioPak
Effect of BioPak
Fertilizer on Yield of Potatoes in Missouri
DATA
|
Effect
of BioPak Fertilizer on Number of Grade A
Potatoes |
|
Ounces of BioPak
Applied per Acre |
Number of Grade
A
Potatoes, Bare Soil |
Number of Grade
A
Potatoes, Black Plastic |
|
0 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
|
8 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
|
16 |
4.7 |
3.6 |
|
32 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
|
Effect
of BioPak Fertilizer on Number of Grade B
Potatoes |
|
Ounces of BioPak
Applied per Acre |
Number of Grade
B
Potatoes, Bare Soil |
Number of Grade
B
Potatoes, Black Plastic |
|
0 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
|
8 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
|
16 |
4.7 |
3.3 |
|
32 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
|
Effect
of BioPak on Yield of Grade A Potatoes |
|
Ounces of BioPak
Applied per Acre |
Number of Grade
A
Potatoes, Bare Soil |
Number of Grade
A
Potatoes, Black Plastic |
|
0 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
|
8 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
|
16 |
4.7 |
3.3 |
|
32 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
|
Effect
of BioPak on Yield of Grade B Potatoes |
|
Ounces of BioPak
Applied per Acre |
Number of Grade
A
Potatoes, Bare Soil |
Number of Grade
A
Potatoes, Black Plastic |
|
0 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
|
8 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
|
16 |
4.6 |
3.3 |
|
32 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
|
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■Soybeans
Soybeans
The Effect of BioPak on Soybeans in Southeast Missouri
PLOT SIZE: 10 Acres treated and 10 acres untreated.
PLANTING DATE: 5/12/01
VARIETY: ASGROW 4902RR
IRRIGATION: Furrow irrigated 4 times.
ROUNDUP APPLICATIONS: 2 over the top.
Each treatment was machine harvested and weighed separately.
TREATMENT 1: BioPak was applied as a seed treatment at the rate of 10 ounces per 100 lbs of seed. Next, BioPak was applied at the rate of 8 ounces per acre at the 3rd trifoliate stage. Lastly, apply BioPak at first bloom at the rate of 16 ounces per acre.
TREATMENT 2: Untreated Check--- Farmer's Standard Practice.
RESULTS/YIELD:
TREATMENT 1: 62 BUSHELS/ACRE
TREATMENT 2: 47 BUSHELS/ACRE |
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■Tomatoes
|
Tomatoes
Influence
of BioPak Fertilizer on Yield of 'Better Boy'
Tomatoes in Southeast Missouri
M. A. Wilson1, C. Stevens2, D. Harp1, and V. A.
Khan2 1Department of Agriculture, Southeast
Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO
63701
2George Washington Carver Agricultural
Experiment Station, Tuskegee University,
Tuskegee, AL 36088.
Abstract.
An experiment was conducted in a randomized
block design in the spring of 2002 at the All
American Garden Plots to determine the effect of
three rates of BioPak fertilizer on the yield of
'Better Boy' tomatoes. BioPak fertilizer was
applied at three different growth stages with
tomatoes. There was a significant difference
with the number of tomatoes, however, the
highest number of tomatoes occurred at the 24
ozs/ac treatment. There was a significant
difference of yield of tomatoes. Highest yield
occurred with the 24 ozs/ac treatment.
Keywords:
Bio-Pak fertilizer, 'Better Boy' tomatoes,
marketable number and yield.
Introduction
Tomatoes and peppers, although not among the
most valuable crops in nutrients per pound, are
important contributors to dietary needs because
of the substantial per capita consumption of
each. In the United States, tomato consumption
exceeds only that of potato. Peppers, although a
significant commodity in the United States, have
a higher consumption in other countries.
Tomatoes are grown extensively in southeast
Missouri on black polyethylene mulch with drip
irrigation.
The objectives of this study
were to evaluate the effect of three rates of
foliar applied BioPak on the yield of 'Better
Boy' tomatoes in Missouri.
Methods and
Materials
This study was conducted in the spring of 2002
at Southeast Missouri State University All
American Garden Plots, Cape Girardeau, Missouri.
The soil typed used was Menfro silt loam (entsol).
All plots were prepared by tillage with a
moldboard plow and rotavator and 100 lbs. of
triple twelve (12-12-12) fertilizer added. Black
polyethylene mulch was applied with drip
irrigation after row spacing was 5 ft wide x 1.5
ft (between row) spacing. Tomatoes were
transplanted on June 4, 2002 and sprayed with a
foliar application of 8, 16, and 24 ozs/ac of
BioPak fertilizer on June 5, 2002. The second
and third applications of BioPak were applied at
pre-flowering on June 21, 2002 and the latter
application on July 11, 2002. Plots were drip
irrigated as needed. Data collected were: number
and weights of marketable fruits. All data were
analyzed by Duncan's MRT (4).
Results and
Discussion
There was a significant difference in numbers of
tomato fruit (Table 1). The highest number of
tomato fruits occurred at the 24 ozs/ac
treatment. There was a significant difference at
the 24 ozs/ac treatment. Highest yield of tomato
fruit occurred at the 24 ozs/ac treatment (Table
1). Hochmuth, et al., (1994) reported that black
polyethylene mulch, drip irrigated lettuce
required a maximum of 185 lbs of N per acre.
Their results showed a slightly higher need for
N compared to older reports (Bechenbach et al.,
Everett, 1980), however, newer varieties and
high plant populations used in the Hochmuth
study may account for the difference. Our
results showed that the highest number and
weight occurred at the 24 ozs/ac treatments and
the data were significant. Nitrogen rates for
this study was 100 lbs of N per acre in addition
to the foliar applied BioPak.
Literature Cited
-
Bechenbach,
J.R., F.S. Jamison, R.W. Ruprecht, and F.S.
Adrews. 1941. Crisphead lettuce in Florida-A
preliminary report. Fla. Agric. Expt. Sta.
Bull. 365.
-
Everett, P.H.,
1960. Influence of fertilizer rates and
plastic mulch on the production of two
cultivars of crisphead lettuce. Proc. Fla.
State Hor. Soc. 93:243-245.
-
Hochmuth, G.
and I. Secker. 1994. N requirements of
crisphead lettuce grown with drip irrigation
on polyethylene mulched bed. Proc. 24th
Natl. Agriculture Plastic Congr. 24: 96-100.
-
Steele,
D.G.R. and J.R. Torrie. 1960. Principle and
Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Inc.,
New York, N. Y.
|
Table 1. Influence of BioPak
fertilizer on number and yield of
'Better Boy' tomatoes. |
|
Treatments |
Numbers / Plot |
Yield # / Plot |
|
Control |
15b |
12b |
|
8
ozs/ ac |
31b |
61b |
|
16
ozs/ac |
18b |
83b |
|
32ozs/ac |
69a |
286a |
Mean separation within
columns with the same superscript are not
significantly different at the 5% level of
probability as determined by Duncan's multiple
range test. |
|
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■Tree Research
Tree Research
June 25, 2001
During late May and early June, as per our agreement, three study plots were established in northeast Mississippi to determine the effect spraying BioPak would have on the growth of three and four year old loblolly pine trees.
At each plot, a treated row and an untreated row were measured. The plan is to remeasure the plots in late 2001 after the growing season is concluded. The growth increase in the untreated trees will be considered the annual growth for all trees. This increase will be subtracted from the total growth of the treated trees. The difference between the normal annual growth and the total growth of the treated will be the growth attributable to the BioPak treatment.
Tom B. Wood
SUMMARY OF PLOT INFORMATION
Bar U
Location: Pontotoc County, Mississippi
Conditions: Old field, heavy fescue
Soil type: Silty clay loam
Trees: Genectically improved loblolly pines planted in 1997
Treated: 46 trees sprayed with BioPak at the rate of 32 ounces per acre |
Average diameter: 1.6 inches |
Average height: 73.1 inches |
Untreated (check row): 52 trees |
Average diameter: 1.5 inches |
Average height: 67.5 inches |
Maxie
Location: Pontotoc County, Mississippi
Conditions: Old field, heavy wild grasses and weeds
Soil type: Silt loam
Trees: Genetically improved loblolly pines planted in 1998
Treated: 20 trees sprayed with BioPak at the rate of 32 ounces per acre |
Average diameter: 1.0 inches |
Average height: 56.5 inches |
Untreated (check row): 20 trees |
Average diameter: 1.0 inches |
Average height: 56.0 inches |
Hill
Location: Prentiss County, Mississippi
Conditions: Old field, heavy wild grasses and weeds
Soil Type: Fine sandy loam
Trees: Genetically improved loblolly pines planted in 1998
Treated: 20 trees sprayed with BioPak at the rate of 32 ounces per acre |
Average diameter: 1.4 inches |
Average height: 71.7 inches |
Untreated (check row): 20 trees |
Average diameter: 1.1 inches |
Average height: 62.1 inches |
|
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■Tree Research 2
TREE RESEARCH 2
February 14, 2002
The following are the results of the study to determine the effect on growth by applying BioPak on three and four year old loblolly pine trees.
Three separate tracts in northeast Mississippi were selected. Plots were established on each tract. Each plot consisted of treated and untreated trees. Trees were measured in May, 2001 and remeasured in February 2002. The increase in growth of the untreated trees was considered to be the normal annual growth. The increase of the untreated plots was subtracted from the increase of the treated plots. The difference was considered the growth attributable to the BioPak treatment.
INCREASE IN GROWTH (TREATED LESS UNTREATED) |
Tract |
Diameter (inches) |
% diff. |
Height (feet) |
% diff. |
Bar U |
0 |
0 |
.4 |
17 |
Maxie |
.1 |
25 |
.3 |
25 |
Hill |
.1 |
25 |
.3 |
16 |
|
Total |
.2 |
15 |
1.0 |
19 |
0 indicates no or less different in the treated and untreated. Negative values were treated as 0.
Tom B. Wood |
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■Turf
Turf
BioPak
TURF TRIALS 2002
VARIETY:
Raliegh St. Augustine
Tif-Bermuda
RATED 1-5 (1 = DEAD, 5 = PERFECT)
PRODUCT |
APPLICATION RATE |
GROWTH |
COLOR |
WASTE AT HARVEST |
BioPak |
32 ounces |
4.05 |
4.05 |
0 |
BioPak |
64 ounces |
4.16 |
4.16 |
4.5 |
Medina |
1 gallon |
3.55 |
3.8 |
0 |
Medina |
2 gallons |
4.47 |
3.55 |
4 |
Turf Ease |
8 ounces |
3.72 |
3.65 |
3.5 |
Soil Soft |
4 ounces |
3.8 |
3.9 |
4 |
Awaken |
1 gallon |
3.7 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
Miracle Grow |
40 pounds |
4.3 |
3.6 |
3 |
Gypsum |
2 tons |
3.25 |
3.25 |
0 |
Scotts Turf |
200 pounds |
3.75 |
4 |
0 |
|
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■Field Corn Test Plot
FIELD CORN TEST PLOT
FIELD #: P-4 (IRRIGATED)
PLANTING DATE: APRIL 10, 2002
VARIETY: DK 64 TBT
PLANTING RATE: 31,000 SEED/ACRE
HARVEST DATE: AUGUST 31, 2002
PLOT #4 |
APPLICATION RATE |
DATE PLANTED |
BUSHELS/ACRE |
A: |
8 oz. NP infurrow at planting |
April 10, 2002 |
161 |
B: |
2 oz. NP on seed |
April 10, 2002 |
157 |
C: |
Check |
April 10, 2002 |
145 |
|
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|
